The pneumatic effect is caused by the time it takes for air to flow into the porous structure of the foam. These, combined, effectively slow the regeneration of the original structure of the foam, and allow for applications like memory foam mattresses. There are three effects which work against the network effect: the pneumatic effect, the adhesive effect, and the relaxation effect. This effect is generated by the deformed porous material pushing outwards to restore its structure against an applied pressure. The network effect is the force working to restore the structure of the foam when it is deformed. Memory foam derives its viscoelastic properties from several effects, due to the internal structure of the material.
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